Financial Data Collector

# Financial Data Collector

Collect and validate real financial data for US public companies using free data sources.
Output is a standardized JSON file ready for consumption by other financial skills.

## Critical Constraints

**NO FALLBACK values.** If a field cannot be retrieved, set it to `null` with `_source: "missing"`.
Never substitute defaults (e.g., `beta or 1.0`). The downstream skill decides how to handle missing data.

**Data source attribution is mandatory.** Every data section must have a `_source` field.

**CapEx sign convention:** yfinance returns CapEx as negative (cash outflow). Preserve the original sign. Document the convention in output metadata. Do NOT flip signs.

**yfinance FCF ≠ Investment bank FCF.** yfinance FCF = Operating CF + CapEx (no SBC deduction). Flag this in output metadata so downstream DCF skills don't overstate FCF.

## Workflow

### Step 1: Collect Data

Run the collection script:

```bash
python scripts/collect_data.py TICKER [--years 5] [--output path/to/output.json]
```

The script collects in this priority:
1. **yfinance** — market data, historical financials, beta, analyst estimates
2. **yfinance ^TNX** — 10Y Treasury yield as risk-free rate proxy
3. **User supplement** — for years where yfinance returns NaN (report to user, do not guess)

### Step 2: Validate Data

```bash
python scripts/validate_data.py path/to/output.json
```

Checks: field completeness, cross-field consistency (Market Cap = Price × Shares), range sanity (WACC 5-20%, beta 0.3-3.0), sign conventions.

### Step 3: Deliver JSON

Single file: `{TICKER}_financial_data.json`. Schema in `references/output-schema.md`.

**Do NOT create**: README, CSV, summary reports, or any auxiliary files.

## Output Schema (Summary)

```json
{
  "ticker": "META",
  "company_name": "Meta Platforms, Inc.",
  "data_date": "2026-03-02",
  "currency": "USD",
  "unit": "millions_usd",
  "data_sources": { "market_data": "...", "2022_to_2024": "..." },
  "market_data": { "current_price": 648.18, "shares_outstanding_millions": 2187, "market_cap_millions": 1639607, "beta_5y_monthly": 1.284 },
  "income_statement": { "2024": { "revenue": 164501, "ebit": 69380, "tax_expense": ..., "net_income": ..., "_source": "yfinance" } },
  "cash_flow": { "2024": { "operating_cash_flow": ..., "capex": -37256, "depreciation_amortization": 15498, "free_cash_flow": ..., "change_in_nwc": ..., "_source": "yfinance" } },
  "balance_sheet": { "2024": { "total_debt": 30768, "cash_and_equivalents": 77815, "net_debt": -47047, "current_assets": ..., "current_liabilities": ..., "_source": "yfinance" } },
  "wacc_inputs": { "risk_free_rate": 0.0396, "beta": 1.284, "credit_rating": null, "_source": "yfinance + ^TNX" },
  "analyst_estimates": { "revenue_next_fy": 251113, "revenue_fy_after": 295558, "eps_next_fy": 29.59, "_source": "yfinance" },
  "metadata": { "_capex_convention": "negative = cash outflow", "_fcf_note": "yfinance FCF = OperatingCF + CapEx. Does NOT deduct SBC." }
}
```

Full schema with all field definitions: `references/output-schema.md`

<correct_patterns>

### Handling Missing Years

```python
if pd.isna(revenue):
    result[year] = {"revenue": None, "_source": "yfinance returned NaN — supplement from 10-K"}
# Report missing years to the user. Do NOT skip or fill with estimates.
```

### CapEx Sign Preservation

```python
capex = cash_flow.loc["Capital Expenditure", year_col]  # -37256.0
result["capex"] = float(capex)  # Preserve negative
```

### Datetime Column Indexing

```python
year_col = [c for c in financials.columns if c.year == target_year][0]
revenue = financials.loc["Total Revenue", year_col]
```

### Field Name Guards

```python
if "Total Revenue" in financials.index:
    revenue = financials.loc["Total Revenue", year_col]
elif "Revenue" in financials.index:
    revenue = financials.loc["Revenue", year_col]
else:
    revenue = None
```

</correct_patterns>

<common_mistakes>

### Mistake 1: Default Values for Missing Data

```python
# ❌ WRONG
beta = info.get("beta", 1.0)
growth = data.get("growth") or 0.02

# ✅ RIGHT
beta = info.get("beta")  # May be None — that's OK
```

### Mistake 2: Assuming All Years Have Data

```python
# ❌ WRONG — 2020-2021 may be NaN
revenue = float(financials.loc["Total Revenue", year_col])

# ✅ RIGHT
value = financials.loc["Total Revenue", year_col]
revenue = float(value) if pd.notna(value) else None
```

### Mistake 3: Using yfinance FCF in DCF Models Directly

yfinance FCF does NOT deduct SBC. For mega-caps like META, SBC can be $20-30B/yr, making yfinance FCF ~30% higher than investment-bank FCF. Always flag this in output.

### Mistake 4: Flipping CapEx Sign

```python
# ❌ WRONG — double-negation risk downstream
capex = abs(cash_flow.loc["Capital Expenditure", year_col])

# ✅ RIGHT — preserve original, document convention
capex = float(cash_flow.loc["Capital Expenditure", year_col])  # -37256.0
```

</common_mistakes>

## Known yfinance Pitfalls

See `references/yfinance-pitfalls.md` for detailed field mapping and workarounds.