React Native Architecture

# React Native Architecture

Production-ready patterns for React Native development with Expo, including navigation, state management, native modules, and offline-first architecture.

## When to Use This Skill

- Starting a new React Native or Expo project
- Implementing complex navigation patterns
- Integrating native modules and platform APIs
- Building offline-first mobile applications
- Optimizing React Native performance
- Setting up CI/CD for mobile releases

## Core Concepts

### 1. Project Structure

```
src/
├── app/                    # Expo Router screens
│   ├── (auth)/            # Auth group
│   ├── (tabs)/            # Tab navigation
│   └── _layout.tsx        # Root layout
├── components/
│   ├── ui/                # Reusable UI components
│   └── features/          # Feature-specific components
├── hooks/                 # Custom hooks
├── services/              # API and native services
├── stores/                # State management
├── utils/                 # Utilities
└── types/                 # TypeScript types
```

### 2. Expo vs Bare React Native

| Feature            | Expo           | Bare RN        |
| ------------------ | -------------- | -------------- |
| Setup complexity   | Low            | High           |
| Native modules     | EAS Build      | Manual linking |
| OTA updates        | Built-in       | Manual setup   |
| Build service      | EAS            | Custom CI      |
| Custom native code | Config plugins | Direct access  |

## Quick Start

```bash
# Create new Expo project
npx create-expo-app@latest my-app -t expo-template-blank-typescript

# Install essential dependencies
npx expo install expo-router expo-status-bar react-native-safe-area-context
npx expo install @react-native-async-storage/async-storage
npx expo install expo-secure-store expo-haptics
```

```typescript
// app/_layout.tsx
import { Stack } from 'expo-router'
import { ThemeProvider } from '@/providers/ThemeProvider'
import { QueryProvider } from '@/providers/QueryProvider'

export default function RootLayout() {
  return (
    <QueryProvider>
      <ThemeProvider>
        <Stack screenOptions={{ headerShown: false }}>
          <Stack.Screen name="(tabs)" />
          <Stack.Screen name="(auth)" />
          <Stack.Screen name="modal" options={{ presentation: 'modal' }} />
        </Stack>
      </ThemeProvider>
    </QueryProvider>
  )
}
```

## Patterns

### Pattern 1: Expo Router Navigation

```typescript
// app/(tabs)/_layout.tsx
import { Tabs } from 'expo-router'
import { Home, Search, User, Settings } from 'lucide-react-native'
import { useTheme } from '@/hooks/useTheme'

export default function TabLayout() {
  const { colors } = useTheme()

  return (
    <Tabs
      screenOptions={{
        tabBarActiveTintColor: colors.primary,
        tabBarInactiveTintColor: colors.textMuted,
        tabBarStyle: { backgroundColor: colors.background },
        headerShown: false,
      }}
    >
      <Tabs.Screen
        name="index"
        options={{
          title: 'Home',
          tabBarIcon: ({ color, size }) => <Home size={size} color={color} />,
        }}
      />
      <Tabs.Screen
        name="search"
        options={{
          title: 'Search',
          tabBarIcon: ({ color, size }) => <Search size={size} color={color} />,
        }}
      />
      <Tabs.Screen
        name="profile"
        options={{
          title: 'Profile',
          tabBarIcon: ({ color, size }) => <User size={size} color={color} />,
        }}
      />
      <Tabs.Screen
        name="settings"
        options={{
          title: 'Settings',
          tabBarIcon: ({ color, size }) => <Settings size={size} color={color} />,
        }}
      />
    </Tabs>
  )
}

// app/(tabs)/profile/[id].tsx - Dynamic route
import { useLocalSearchParams } from 'expo-router'

export default function ProfileScreen() {
  const { id } = useLocalSearchParams<{ id: string }>()

  return <UserProfile userId={id} />
}

// Navigation from anywhere
import { router } from 'expo-router'

// Programmatic navigation
router.push('/profile/123')
router.replace('/login')
router.back()

// With params
router.push({
  pathname: '/product/[id]',
  params: { id: '123', referrer: 'home' },
})
```

### Pattern 2: Authentication Flow

```typescript
// providers/AuthProvider.tsx
import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
import { useRouter, useSegments } from 'expo-router'
import * as SecureStore from 'expo-secure-store'

interface AuthContextType {
  user: User | null
  isLoading: boolean
  signIn: (credentials: Credentials) => Promise<void>
  signOut: () => Promise<void>
}

const AuthContext = createContext<AuthContextType | null>(null)

export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const [user, setUser] = useState<User | null>(null)
  const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(true)
  const segments = useSegments()
  const router = useRouter()

  // Check authentication on mount
  useEffect(() => {
    checkAuth()
  }, [])

  // Protect routes
  useEffect(() => {
    if (isLoading) return

    const inAuthGroup = segments[0] === '(auth)'

    if (!user && !inAuthGroup) {
      router.replace('/login')
    } else if (user && inAuthGroup) {
      router.replace('/(tabs)')
    }
  }, [user, segments, isLoading])

  async function checkAuth() {
    try {
      const token = await SecureStore.getItemAsync('authToken')
      if (token) {
        const userData = await api.getUser(token)
        setUser(userData)
      }
    } catch (error) {
      await SecureStore.deleteItemAsync('authToken')
    } finally {
      setIsLoading(false)
    }
  }

  async function signIn(credentials: Credentials) {
    const { token, user } = await api.login(credentials)
    await SecureStore.setItemAsync('authToken', token)
    setUser(user)
  }

  async function signOut() {
    await SecureStore.deleteItemAsync('authToken')
    setUser(null)
  }

  if (isLoading) {
    return <SplashScreen />
  }

  return (
    <AuthContext.Provider value={{ user, isLoading, signIn, signOut }}>
      {children}
    </AuthContext.Provider>
  )
}

export const useAuth = () => {
  const context = useContext(AuthContext)
  if (!context) throw new Error('useAuth must be used within AuthProvider')
  return context
}
```

### Pattern 3: Offline-First with React Query

```typescript
// providers/QueryProvider.tsx
import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query'
import { createAsyncStoragePersister } from '@tanstack/query-async-storage-persister'
import { PersistQueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query-persist-client'
import AsyncStorage from '@react-native-async-storage/async-storage'
import NetInfo from '@react-native-community/netinfo'
import { onlineManager } from '@tanstack/react-query'

// Sync online status
onlineManager.setEventListener((setOnline) => {
  return NetInfo.addEventListener((state) => {
    setOnline(!!state.isConnected)
  })
})

const queryClient = new QueryClient({
  defaultOptions: {
    queries: {
      gcTime: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24, // 24 hours
      staleTime: 1000 * 60 * 5, // 5 minutes
      retry: 2,
      networkMode: 'offlineFirst',
    },
    mutations: {
      networkMode: 'offlineFirst',
    },
  },
})

const asyncStoragePersister = createAsyncStoragePersister({
  storage: AsyncStorage,
  key: 'REACT_QUERY_OFFLINE_CACHE',
})

export function QueryProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <PersistQueryClientProvider
      client={queryClient}
      persistOptions={{ persister: asyncStoragePersister }}
    >
      {children}
    </PersistQueryClientProvider>
  )
}

// hooks/useProducts.ts
import { useQuery, useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'

export function useProducts() {
  return useQuery({
    queryKey: ['products'],
    queryFn: api.getProducts,
    // Use stale data while revalidating
    placeholderData: (previousData) => previousData,
  })
}

export function useCreateProduct() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient()

  return useMutation({
    mutationFn: api.createProduct,
    // Optimistic update
    onMutate: async (newProduct) => {
      await queryClient.cancelQueries({ queryKey: ['products'] })
      const previous = queryClient.getQueryData(['products'])

      queryClient.setQueryData(['products'], (old: Product[]) => [
        ...old,
        { ...newProduct, id: 'temp-' + Date.now() },
      ])

      return { previous }
    },
    onError: (err, newProduct, context) => {
      queryClient.setQueryData(['products'], context?.previous)
    },
    onSettled: () => {
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['products'] })
    },
  })
}
```

### Pattern 4: Native Module Integration

```typescript
// services/haptics.ts
import * as Haptics from "expo-haptics";
import { Platform } from "react-native";

export const haptics = {
  light: () => {
    if (Platform.OS !== "web") {
      Haptics.impactAsync(Haptics.ImpactFeedbackStyle.Light);
    }
  },
  medium: () => {
    if (Platform.OS !== "web") {
      Haptics.impactAsync(Haptics.ImpactFeedbackStyle.Medium);
    }
  },
  heavy: () => {
    if (Platform.OS !== "web") {
      Haptics.impactAsync(Haptics.ImpactFeedbackStyle.Heavy);
    }
  },
  success: () => {
    if (Platform.OS !== "web") {
      Haptics.notificationAsync(Haptics.NotificationFeedbackType.Success);
    }
  },
  error: () => {
    if (Platform.OS !== "web") {
      Haptics.notificationAsync(Haptics.NotificationFeedbackType.Error);
    }
  },
};

// services/biometrics.ts
import * as LocalAuthentication from "expo-local-authentication";

export async function authenticateWithBiometrics(): Promise<boolean> {
  const hasHardware = await LocalAuthentication.hasHardwareAsync();
  if (!hasHardware) return false;

  const isEnrolled = await LocalAuthentication.isEnrolledAsync();
  if (!isEnrolled) return false;

  const result = await LocalAuthentication.authenticateAsync({
    promptMessage: "Authenticate to continue",
    fallbackLabel: "Use passcode",
    disableDeviceFallback: false,
  });

  return result.success;
}

// services/notifications.ts
import * as Notifications from "expo-notifications";
import { Platform } from "react-native";
import Constants from "expo-constants";

Notifications.setNotificationHandler({
  handleNotification: async () => ({
    shouldShowAlert: true,
    shouldPlaySound: true,
    shouldSetBadge: true,
  }),
});

export async function registerForPushNotifications() {
  let token: string | undefined;

  if (Platform.OS === "android") {
    await Notifications.setNotificationChannelAsync("default", {
      name: "default",
      importance: Notifications.AndroidImportance.MAX,
      vibrationPattern: [0, 250, 250, 250],
    });
  }

  const { status: existingStatus } = await Notifications.getPermissionsAsync();
  let finalStatus = existingStatus;

  if (existingStatus !== "granted") {
    const { status } = await Notifications.requestPermissionsAsync();
    finalStatus = status;
  }

  if (finalStatus !== "granted") {
    return null;
  }

  const projectId = Constants.expoConfig?.extra?.eas?.projectId;
  token = (await Notifications.getExpoPushTokenAsync({ projectId })).data;

  return token;
}
```

### Pattern 5: Platform-Specific Code

```typescript
// components/ui/Button.tsx
import { Platform, Pressable, StyleSheet, Text, ViewStyle } from 'react-native'
import * as Haptics from 'expo-haptics'
import Animated, {
  useAnimatedStyle,
  useSharedValue,
  withSpring,
} from 'react-native-reanimated'

const AnimatedPressable = Animated.createAnimatedComponent(Pressable)

interface ButtonProps {
  title: string
  onPress: () => void
  variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary' | 'outline'
  disabled?: boolean
}

export function Button({
  title,
  onPress,
  variant = 'primary',
  disabled = false,
}: ButtonProps) {
  const scale = useSharedValue(1)

  const animatedStyle = useAnimatedStyle(() => ({
    transform: [{ scale: scale.value }],
  }))

  const handlePressIn = () => {
    scale.value = withSpring(0.95)
    if (Platform.OS !== 'web') {
      Haptics.impactAsync(Haptics.ImpactFeedbackStyle.Light)
    }
  }

  const handlePressOut = () => {
    scale.value = withSpring(1)
  }

  return (
    <AnimatedPressable
      onPress={onPress}
      onPressIn={handlePressIn}
      onPressOut={handlePressOut}
      disabled={disabled}
      style={[
        styles.button,
        styles[variant],
        disabled && styles.disabled,
        animatedStyle,
      ]}
    >
      <Text style={[styles.text, styles[`${variant}Text`]]}>{title}</Text>
    </AnimatedPressable>
  )
}

// Platform-specific files
// Button.ios.tsx - iOS-specific implementation
// Button.android.tsx - Android-specific implementation
// Button.web.tsx - Web-specific implementation

// Or use Platform.select
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
  button: {
    paddingVertical: 12,
    paddingHorizontal: 24,
    borderRadius: 8,
    alignItems: 'center',
    ...Platform.select({
      ios: {
        shadowColor: '#000',
        shadowOffset: { width: 0, height: 2 },
        shadowOpacity: 0.1,
        shadowRadius: 4,
      },
      android: {
        elevation: 4,
      },
    }),
  },
  primary: {
    backgroundColor: '#007AFF',
  },
  secondary: {
    backgroundColor: '#5856D6',
  },
  outline: {
    backgroundColor: 'transparent',
    borderWidth: 1,
    borderColor: '#007AFF',
  },
  disabled: {
    opacity: 0.5,
  },
  text: {
    fontSize: 16,
    fontWeight: '600',
  },
  primaryText: {
    color: '#FFFFFF',
  },
  secondaryText: {
    color: '#FFFFFF',
  },
  outlineText: {
    color: '#007AFF',
  },
})
```

### Pattern 6: Performance Optimization

```typescript
// components/ProductList.tsx
import { FlashList } from '@shopify/flash-list'
import { memo, useCallback } from 'react'

interface ProductListProps {
  products: Product[]
  onProductPress: (id: string) => void
}

// Memoize list item
const ProductItem = memo(function ProductItem({
  item,
  onPress,
}: {
  item: Product
  onPress: (id: string) => void
}) {
  const handlePress = useCallback(() => onPress(item.id), [item.id, onPress])

  return (
    <Pressable onPress={handlePress} style={styles.item}>
      <FastImage
        source={{ uri: item.image }}
        style={styles.image}
        resizeMode="cover"
      />
      <Text style={styles.title}>{item.name}</Text>
      <Text style={styles.price}>${item.price}</Text>
    </Pressable>
  )
})

export function ProductList({ products, onProductPress }: ProductListProps) {
  const renderItem = useCallback(
    ({ item }: { item: Product }) => (
      <ProductItem item={item} onPress={onProductPress} />
    ),
    [onProductPress]
  )

  const keyExtractor = useCallback((item: Product) => item.id, [])

  return (
    <FlashList
      data={products}
      renderItem={renderItem}
      keyExtractor={keyExtractor}
      estimatedItemSize={100}
      // Performance optimizations
      removeClippedSubviews={true}
      maxToRenderPerBatch={10}
      windowSize={5}
      // Pull to refresh
      onRefresh={onRefresh}
      refreshing={isRefreshing}
    />
  )
}
```

## EAS Build & Submit

```json
// eas.json
{
  "cli": { "version": ">= 5.0.0" },
  "build": {
    "development": {
      "developmentClient": true,
      "distribution": "internal",
      "ios": { "simulator": true }
    },
    "preview": {
      "distribution": "internal",
      "android": { "buildType": "apk" }
    },
    "production": {
      "autoIncrement": true
    }
  },
  "submit": {
    "production": {
      "ios": { "appleId": "your@email.com", "ascAppId": "123456789" },
      "android": { "serviceAccountKeyPath": "./google-services.json" }
    }
  }
}
```

```bash
# Build commands
eas build --platform ios --profile development
eas build --platform android --profile preview
eas build --platform all --profile production

# Submit to stores
eas submit --platform ios
eas submit --platform android

# OTA updates
eas update --branch production --message "Bug fixes"
```

## Best Practices

### Do's

- **Use Expo** - Faster development, OTA updates, managed native code
- **FlashList over FlatList** - Better performance for long lists
- **Memoize components** - Prevent unnecessary re-renders
- **Use Reanimated** - 60fps animations on native thread
- **Test on real devices** - Simulators miss real-world issues

### Don'ts

- **Don't inline styles** - Use StyleSheet.create for performance
- **Don't fetch in render** - Use useEffect or React Query
- **Don't ignore platform differences** - Test on both iOS and Android
- **Don't store secrets in code** - Use environment variables
- **Don't skip error boundaries** - Mobile crashes are unforgiving